全世界约10%的人存在程度不一的阅读障碍。欧洲科学家12月5日在美国《科学》杂志上报告称,他们找到了导致阅读障碍的根源,即大脑某些区域之间的连接出现了“故障”。
所谓阅读障碍,与智力无关,而是指一些人无法准确而流畅地阅读。科学家们对阅读障碍的根本原因争论了几十年。有一种理论提出,这可能是因为大脑存在语音表达缺陷;另外一种理论则认为,阅读障碍者大脑语音表达并无问题,只是语音表达信息难以被大脑中的语言加工区域所获取。
为此,比利时勒芬大学巴特博埃及其同事对22个正常成年人及23个阅读困难的成年人大脑进行了扫描。他们利用功能性磁共振成像技术,观察当这些人对特定言语作出反应时的大脑神经活动模式。结果发现,阅读障碍者的语音表达完好无损。
研究人员接着分析了两组参与者大脑中语音处理相关的13个区域与语音表达的连接。结果发现,阅读障碍者脑中某些区域的连接明显出现了“故障”,这种连接的“故障”越大,实验对象在阅读、拼写及其他测试上的表现也越差。研究人员说,这证实对语音表达的获取缺陷才是阅读障碍的关键。
研究人员表示,这一发现将有助于大脑连接性干预措施的改进,从而帮助阅读障碍者更为流畅地享受阅读。
不过,一些科学家对此项研究成果表示质疑。美国加州大学旧金山分校神经学家迈克尔梅策尼希对《科学》杂志说,数十年“广泛而有说服力的”证据表明,有阅读障碍的人语音表达准确程度确实低于常人,“你不能对这种文献视而不见”。
英文摘要
Science DOI: 10.1126/science.1244333
Intact But Less Accessible Phonetic Representations in Adults with Dyslexia
Bart Boets1,2,*, Hans P. Op de Beeck3, Maaike Vandermosten2, Sophie K. Scott4, Céline R. Gillebert5, Dante Mantini5,6, Jessica Bulthé3, Stefan Sunaert7, Jan Wouters8, Pol Ghesquière2
Dyslexia is a severe and persistent reading and spelling disorder caused by impairment in the ability to manipulate speech sounds. We combined functional magnetic resonance brain imaging with multivoxel pattern analysis and functional and structural connectivity analysis in an effort to disentangle whether dyslexics’ phonological deficits are caused by poor quality of the phonetic representations or by difficulties in accessing intact phonetic representations. We found that phonetic representations are hosted bilaterally in primary and secondary auditory cortices and that their neural quality (in terms of robustness and distinctness) is intact in adults with dyslexia. However, the functional and structural connectivity between the bilateral auditory cortices and the left inferior frontal gyrus (a region involved in higher-level phonological processing) is significantly hampered in dyslexics, suggesting deficient access to otherwise intact phonetic representations.