A
ABAB设计（逆向设计）ABAB (reversal) design
type of experimental design in which an intervention is introduced, withdrawn, and then reinstated, and the behavior of a participant is examined on and off the treatment
破堤效应 abstinence violation effect
what happens when a person attempting to abstain from alcohol use ingests alcohol and then endures conflict and guilt by making an internal attribution to explain why he or she drank, thereby making him or her more likely to continue drinking in order to cope with the self-blame and guilt
急性应激障碍 acute stress disorder
disorder similar to post-traumatic stress disorder but occurs within 1 month of exposure to the stressor and does not last more than 4 weeks; often involves dissociative symptoms
适应障碍 adjustment disorder
stress-related disorder that involves emotional and behavioral symptoms (depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and/or antisocial behaviors) that arise within 3 months of the onset of a stressor
青少年期起病品行障碍 adolescent-onset conduct disorder
a conduct disorder characterized by aggression, destructiveness, deceitfulness, and rules violation beginning after age 10
领养研究 adoption study
study of the heritability of a disorder by finding adopted people with a disorder and then determining the prevalence of the disorder among their biological and adoptive relatives, in order to separate out contributing genetic and environmental factors
失认症 agnosia
impaired ability to recognize objects or people
广场恐怖症 agoraphobia anxiety disorder
characterized by fear of places and situations in which it would be difficult to escape, such as enclosed places, open spaces, and crowds
匿名戒酒者协会 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
an organization created by and for people with alcoholism involving a 12-step treatment program
美国法律学会规则 ALI rule
legal principle stating that a person is not responsible for criminal conduct if he or she lacks the capacity to appreciate the criminality (wrongfulness) of the act or to conform his or her conduct to the requirements of the law as a result of mental disease
非稳态负荷 allostatic load
physiological condition resulting from chronic arousal of the fight-or-flight response to stress
利他型自杀 altruistic suicide
suicide committed by people who believe that taking their own life will benefit society
阿尔茨海默病 Alzheimer’s disease
progressive neurological disease that is the most common cause of dementia
闭经 amenorrhea
cessation of the menses
美国精神病学协会的精神病定义American Psychiatric Association definition of insanity
definition of insanity stating that people cannot be held responsible for their conduct if, at the time they commit crimes, as the result of mental disease or mental retardation they are unable to appreciate the wrongfulness of their conduct
遗忘症 amnesia
impairment in the ability to learn new information or to recall previously learned information or past events
苯丙胺类 amphetamines
stimulant drugs that can produce symptoms of euphoria, self-confidence, alertness, agitation, paranoia, perceptual illusions, and depression
杏仁核 amygdala
structure of the limbic system critical in emotions such as fear
动物研究animal studies
studies that attempt to test theories of psychopathology using animals
动物型恐怖症animal-type phobias
extreme fears of specific animals that may induce immediate and intense panic attacks and cause the individual to go to great lengths to avoid the animals
失范型自杀 anomic suicide
suicide committed by people who experience a severe disorientation and role confusion because of a large change in their relationship to society
神经性厌食症 anorexia nervosa
eating disorder in which people fail to maintain body weights that are normal for their age and height and have fears of becoming fat, distorted body images, and amenorrhea
对抗antagonism
hostility toward others
拮抗剂 antagonist drugs
drugs that block or change the effects of an addictive drug, reducing desire for the drug
顺行性遗忘 anterograde amnesia
deficit in the ability to learn new information
抗焦虑药antianxiety drugs
drugs used to treat anxiety, insomnia, and other psychological symptoms
抗惊厥药anticonvulsants drugs
used to treat mania and depression
抗抑郁药antidepressant drugs
drugs used to treat the symptoms of depression, such as sad mood, negative thinking, and disturbances of sleep and appetite; common types are tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
抗精神病药 antipsychotic drugs
drugs used to treat psychotic symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking
反社会型人格障碍antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)
pervasive pattern of criminal, impulsive, callous, and/or ruthless behavior, predicated on disregard for the rights of others and an absence of respect for social norms
焦虑 anxiety
state of apprehension, tension, and worry
焦虑敏感性 anxiety sensitivity
belief that bodily symptoms have harmful consequences
失语症 aphasia
impaired ability to produce and comprehend language
应用紧张技术applied tension technique
technique used to treat blood-injection-injury type phobias in which the therapist teaches the client to increase his or her blood pressure and heart rate, thus preventing the client from fainting
失用症apraxia
impaired ability to initiate common voluntary behaviors
唤起期 arousal phase
in the sexual response cycle, psychological experience of arousal and pleasure as well as physiological changes, such as the tensing of muscles and enlargement of blood vessels and tissues (also called the excitement phase)
主动性社区治疗计划 assertive community treatment programs
system of treatment that provides comprehensive services to people with schizophrenia, employing the expertise of medical professionals, social workers, and psychologists to meet the variety of patients’ needs 24 hours a day
评估 assessment
process of gathering information about a person’s symptoms and their possible causes
关联研究 association studies
genetic studies in which researchers identify physical disorders associated with a target psychological disorder for which genetic abnormalities or markers are known; the DNA of individuals with the psychological disorder and their first-degree relatives is then examined to determine if they also have this genetic marker (one form of molecular genetic studies)
注意缺陷／多动障碍 attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
syndrome marked by deficits in controlling attention, inhibiting impulses, and organizing behavior to accomplish long-term goals
非典型抗精神病药 atypical antipsychotics
drugs that seem to be even more effective in treating schizophrenia than phenothiazines without the same neurological side effects; they bind to a different type of dopamine receptor than other neuroleptic drugs
幻听 auditory hallucinations
auditory perceptions of a phenomenon that is not real, such as hearing a voice when one is alone
孤独症 autism
childhood disorder marked by deficits in social interaction (such as a lack of interest in one’s family or other children), communication (such as failing to modulate one’s voice to signify emotional expression), and activities and interests (such as engaging in bizarre, repetitive behaviors)
孤独症谱系障碍 autism spectrum disorder
a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by disrupted social and language development (formerly referred to as autism)
厌恶疗法 aversion therapy
treatment that involves the pairing of unpleasant stimuli with deviant or maladaptive sources of pleasure in order to induce an aversive reaction to the formerly pleasurable stimulus
回避型人格障碍avoidant personality disorder
pervasive anxiety, sense of inadequacy, and fear of being criticized that lead to the avoidance of most social interactions with others and to restraint and nervousness in social interactions
意志减退 avolition
inability to persist at common goal-directed activities
B
巴比妥类
barbiturates drugs used to treat anxiety and insomnia that work by suppressing the central nervous system and decreasing the activity level of certain neurons
行为取向
behavioral approaches approaches to psychopathology that focus on the influence of reinforcements and punishments in producing behavior; the two core principles or processes of learning according to behaviorism are classical conditioning and operant conditioning
行为抑制
behavioral inhibition set of behavioral traits including shyness, fearfulness, irritability, cautiousness, and introversion; behaviorally inhibited children tend to avoid or withdraw from novel situations, are clingy with parents, and become excessively aroused when exposed to unfamiliar situations
行为观察
behavioral observation method for assessing the frequency of a client’s behaviors and the specific situations in which they occur
抑郁的行为理论
behavioral theories of depression theories that view depression as resulting from negative life events that represent a reduction in positive reinforcement; sympathetic responses to depressive behavior then serve as positive reinforcement for the depression itself
行为治疗
behavioral therapies psychotherapeutic approaches that focus on identifying the reinforcements and punishments contributing to a person’s maladaptive behaviors and on changing specific behaviors
行为疗法
behavioral therapy therapy that focuses on changing a person’s specific behaviors by replacing unwanted behaviors with desired behaviors
行为遗传学
behavior genetics study of the processes by which genes affect behavior and the extent to which personality and abnormality are genetically inherited
behaviorism study of the impact of reinforcements and punishments on behavior
苯二氮卓类
benzodiazepines drugs that reduce anxiety and insomnia
β-淀粉样蛋白
beta-amyloid class of proteins that accumulates in the spaces between neurons in the brain, contributing to Alzheimer’s disease
暴食障碍
binge-eating disorder eating disorder in which people compulsively overeat either continuously or on discrete binges but do not behave in ways to compensate for the overeating
暴食
bingeing eating a large amount of food in one sitting
暴食/ 清除型神经性厌食症
binge/purge type of anorexia nervosa type of anorexia nervosa in which periodic bingeing or purging behaviors occur along with behaviors that meet the criteria for anorexia nervosa
生物学取向
biological approach view that biological factors cause and should be used to treat abnormality
生物学理论
biological theories theories of abnormality that focus on biological causes of abnormal behaviors
生物心理社会取向
biopsychosocial approach approach to psychopathology that seeks to integrate biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding and treating psychopathology
双相障碍
bipolar disorder disorder marked by cycles between manic episodes and depressive episodes; also called manic-depression
双相I型障碍
bipolar I disorder form of bipolar disorder in which the full symptoms of mania are experienced; depressive aspects may be more infrequent or mild
双相Ⅱ型障碍
bipolar II disorder form of bipolar disorder in which only hypomanic episodes are experienced and the depressive component is more pronounced
血液-注射-损伤型恐怖症
blood-injection-injury type phobias extreme fears of seeing blood or an injury or of receiving an injection or another invasive medical procedure, which cause a drop in heart rate and blood pressure and fainting
躯体变形障碍
body dysmorphic disorder syndrome involving obsessive concern over a part of the body the individual believes is defective
边缘型人格障碍
borderline personality disorder syndrome characterized by rapidly shifting and unstable mood, self-concept, and interpersonal relationships, as well as impulsive behavior and transient dissociative states
与呼吸相关的睡眠障碍
breathing-related sleep disorder group of sleep disorders characterized by numerous brief sleep disturbances due to problems breathing
短暂精神病性障碍
brief psychotic disorder disorder characterized by the sudden onset of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or disorganized behavior that lasts only between 1 day and 1 month, after which the symptoms vanish completely
神经性贪食症
bulimia nervosa eating disorder in which people engage in bingeing and behave in ways to prevent weight gain from the binges, such as self-induced vomiting, excessive exercise, and abuse of purging drugs (such as laxatives)
C
咖啡因
caffeine chemical compound with stimulant effects
大麻
cannabis substance that causes feelings of well-being, perceptual distortions, and paranoid thinking
个案研究（也译作案例研究）
case studies in-depth analyses of individuals
猝倒
cataplexy episodes of sudden loss of muscle tone lasting under 2 minutes, triggered by laughter or joking in people who have had narcolepsy for a long time
紧张症
catatonia group of disorganized behaviors that reflect an extreme lack of responsiveness to the outside world
宣泄
catharsis expression of emotions connected to memories and conflicts, which, according to Freud, leads to the release of energy used to keep these memories in the unconscious
因果归因
causal attribution explanation for why an event occurred
中枢性睡眠呼吸暂停
central sleep apnea sleep disorder characterized by complete cessation of respiratory activity for brief periods of time (20 seconds or more); sufferers do not have frequent awakenings and do not tend to feel tired during the day; occurs when the brain does not send the signal to breathe to the respiratory system
大脑皮层
cerebral cortex part of the brain that regulates complex activities, such as speech and analytical thinking
脑血管疾病
cerebrovascular disease disease that occurs when the blood supply to the brain is blocked, causing tissue damage to the brain
儿童期起病品行障碍
childhood-onset conduct disorder a conduct disorder characterized by aggression, destructiveness, deceitfulness, and rules violation beginning before age 10 that tends to worsen with age
氯丙嗪
chlorpromazine antipsychotic drug
长期运动或发声抽动障碍
chronic motor or vocal tic disorder (CMVTD) a motor disorder characterized by persistent motor or vocal tics
昼夜节律睡眠-觉醒障碍
circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder sleep disorder characterized by insomnia, excessive sleepiness, or both due to disruptions in circadian rhythms
民事收容
civil commitment forcing of a person into a mental health facility against his or her will
经典条件作用
classical conditioning form of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response, thereby making the neutral stimulus itself sufficient to elicit the same response
分类系统
classification system set of syndromes and the rules for determining whether an individual’s symptoms are part of one of these syndromes
来访者中心疗法
client-centered therapy (CCT) Carl Rogers’s form of psychotherapy, which consists of an equal relationship between therapist and client as the client searches for his or her inner self, receiving unconditional positive regard and an empathic understanding from the therapist
可卡因
cocaine central nervous system stimulant that causes a rush of positive feelings initially but that can lead to impulsiveness, agitation, and anxiety and can cause withdrawal symptoms of exhaustion and depression
认知
cognitions thoughts or beliefs
认知行为治疗（也译作认知行为疗法）
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) treatment focused on changing negative patterns of thinking and solving concrete problems through brief sessions in which a therapist helps a client challenge negative thoughts, consider alternative perspectives, and take effective actions
认知理论
cognitive theories theories that focus on belief systems and ways of thinking as the causes of abnormal behavior
认知治疗
cognitive therapies therapeutic approaches that focus on changing people’s maladaptive thought patterns
世代效应
cohort effect effect that occurs when people born in one historical period are at different risk for a disorder than are people born in another historical period
集体无意识
collective unconscious according to Carl Jung, the wisdom accumulated by a society over hundreds of years of human existence and stored in the memories of individuals
交流障碍
communication disorders disorders characterized by persistent difficulties in the acquisition and use of language and other means of communicating
社区精神卫生中心
community mental health centers institutions for the treatment of people with mental health problems in the community; may include teams of social workers, therapists, and physicians who coordinate care
社区精神卫生运动
community mental health movement movement launched in 1963 that attempted to provide coordinated mental health services to people in community-based treatment centers
共病
comorbidity meeting the criteria for two or more diagnostic categories simultaneously
强迫行为
compulsions repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels he or she must perform
计算机断层扫描
computerized tomography (CT) method of analyzing brain structure by passing narrow X-ray beams through a person’s head from several angles to produce measurements from which a computer can construct an image of the brain
同病率
concordance rate probability that both twins will develop a disorder if one twin has the disorder
条件化回避反应
conditioned avoidance response behavior that is reinforced because it allows individuals to avoid situations that cause anxiety
条件反应
conditioned response (CR) in classical conditioning, response that first followed a natural stimulus but that now follows a conditioned stimulus
条件刺激
conditioned stimulus (CS) in classical conditioning, previously neutral stimulus that, through pairing with a natural stimulus, becomes sufficient to elicit a response
品行障碍
conduct disorder syndrome marked by chronic disregard for the rights of others, including specific behaviors such as stealing, lying, and engaging in acts of violence
意识
conscious refers to mental contents and processes of which we are actively aware
连续变量
continuous variable factor that is measured along a continuum (such as 0–100) rather than falling into a discrete category (such as “diagnosed with depression”)
异常的连续谱模型（也译作异常的连续体模型）
continuum model of abnormality model of abnormality that views mental disorders not as categorically different from “normal” experiences but as lying somewhere along a continuum from healthy, functional behaviors, thoughts, and feelings to unhealthy, dysfunctional behaviors, thoughts, and feelings
控制组（也译作对照组）
control group in an experimental study, group of subjects whose experience resembles that of the experimental group in all ways except that they do not receive the key manipulation
转换障碍（功能性神经症状障碍）
conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder) syndrome marked by a sudden loss of functioning in a part of the body, usually following an extreme psychological stressor
冠心病
coronary heart disease (CHD) chronic illness that is a leading cause of death in the United States, occurring when the blood vessels that supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients are narrowed or closed by plaque, resulting in a myocardial infarction (heart attack) when closed completely
相关研究
correlational studies method in which researchers assess only the relationship between two variables and do not manipulate one variable to determine its effects on another variable
相关系数
correlation coefficient statistic used to indicate the degree of relationship between two variables
皮质醇
cortisol hormone that helps the body respond to stressors, inducing the fight-or-flight response
横断
cross-sectional type of research examining people at one point in time but not following them over time
文化相对论
cultural relativism view that norms among cultures set the standard for what counts as normal behavior, which implies that abnormal behavior can only be defined relative to these norms and that no universal definition of abnormality is therefore possible; only definitions of abnormality relative to a specific culture are possible
环性心境障碍
cyclothymic disorder milder but more chronic form of bipolar disorder that consists of alternation between hypomanic episodes and mild depressive episodes over a period of at least 2 years
D
对他人的危险性
dangerousness to others legal criterion for involuntary commitment that is met when a person would pose a threat or danger to other people if not incarcerated
对本人的危险性
dangerousness to self legal criterion for involuntary commitment that is met when a person is imminently suicidal or a danger to him- or herself as judged by a mental health professional
日间护理中心
day treatment centers mental health facilities that allow people to obtain treatment, along with occupational and rehabilitative therapies, during the day but to live at home at night
深部脑刺激
deep brain stimulation procedure to treat depression in which electrodes are surgically implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a pulse generator that is placed under the skin and stimulates these brain areas
defense mechanisms strategies the ego uses to disguise or transform unconscious wishes
降解
degradation process in which a receiving neuron releases an enzyme into the synapse, breaking down neurotransmitters into other biochemicals
去机构化运动
deinstitutionalization movement in which thousands of mental patients were released from mental institutions; a result of the patients’ rights movement, which was aimed at stopping the dehumanization of mental patients and at restoring their basic legal rights
延迟射精
delayed ejaculation marked delay, infrequency, or absence of ejaculation during sexual encounters
谵妄
delirium cognitive disorder including disorientation and memory loss that is acute and usually transient
震颤性谵妄
delirium tremens (DTs) symptoms that result during severe alcohol withdrawal, including hallucinations, delusions, agitation, and disorientation
妄想障碍
delusional disorder disorder characterized by delusions lasting at least 1 month regarding situations that occur in real life, such as being followed, poisoned, or deceived by a spouse or having a disease; people with this disorder do not show any other symptoms of schizophrenia
关系妄想
delusion of reference false belief that external events, such as other people’s actions or natural disasters, relate somehow to oneself
妄想
delusions fixed beliefs with no basis in reality
思维插入妄想
delusions of thought insertion beliefs that one’s thoughts are being controlled by outside forces
需求特征
demand characteristics factors in an experiment that suggest to participants how the experimenter would like them to behave
痴呆症
dementia cognitive disorder in which a gradual and usually permanent decline of intellectual functioning occurs; can be caused by a medical condition, substance intoxication, or withdrawal
因变量
dependent variable factor that an experimenter seeks to predict
人格解体/现实解体障碍
depersonalization/derealization disorder syndrome marked by frequent episodes of feeling detached from one’s own body and mental processes, as if one were an outside observer of oneself; symptoms must cause significant distress or interference with one’s ability to function
抑制剂
depressants drugs that slow the nervous system
抑郁
depression state marked by either a sad mood or a loss of interest in one’s usual activities, as well as feelings of hopelessness, suicidal ideation, psychomotor agitation or retardation, and trouble concentrating
抑郁障碍
depressive disorders a set of disorders characterized by depressed mood and/or anhedonia (and not mania)
脱敏
desensitization treatment used to reduce anxiety by rendering a previously threatening stimulus innocuous by repeated and guided exposure to the stimulus under nonthreatening circumstances
分离
detachment the inability to connect with others
发育性协调障碍
developmental coordination disorder disorder involving deficits in the ability to walk, run, or hold on to objects
诊断
diagnosis label given to a set of symptoms that tend to occur together
《精神障碍诊断与统计手册》
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) official manual for diagnosing mental disorders in the United States, containing a list of specific criteria for each disorder, how long a person’s symptoms must be present to qualify for a diagnosis, and requirements that the symptoms interfere with daily functioning in order to be called disorders
辩证行为疗法
dialectical behavior therapy cognitive-behavioral intervention aimed at teaching problem-solving skills, interpersonal skills, and skill at managing negative emotions
素质–应激模型
diathesis-stress model model that asserts that only when a diathesis or vulnerability interacts with a stress or trigger will a disorder emerge
脱抑制
disinhibition lack of restraint
唤醒障碍
disorders of arousal sleep disorders that involve recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep that seem to mix elements of wakefulness and NREM sleep
破坏性心境失调障碍
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder a disorder in children characterized by immature and inappropriate temper outbursts that are grossly out of proportion to a situation in intensity and duration
分离
dissociation process whereby different facets of an individual’s sense of self, memories, or consciousness become split off from one another
分离性遗忘症
dissociative amnesia loss of memory for important facts about a person’s own life and personal identity, usually including the awareness of this memory loss
分离性漫游
dissociative fugue disorder in which a person moves away and assumes a new identity, with amnesia for the previous identity
分离性身份障碍
dissociative identity disorder (DID) syndrome in which a person develops more than one distinct identity or personality, each of which can have distinct facial and verbal expressions, gestures, interpersonal styles, attitudes, and even physiological responses
异卵双生子
dizygotic (DZ) twins twins who average only 50 percent of their genes in common because they developed from two separate fertilized eggs
多巴胺
dopamine neurotransmitter in the brain, excess amounts of which have been thought to cause schizophrenia
双盲实验
double-blind experiment study in which both the researchers and the participants are unaware of which experimental condition the participants are in, in order to prevent demand effects
德赫姆规则
Durham rule legal principle stating that the presence of a mental disorder is sufficient to absolve an individual of responsibility for a crime
恶劣心境障碍
dysthymic disorder type of depression that is less acute than major depression but more chronic; diagnosis requires the presence of a sad mood or anhedonia, plus two other symptoms of depression, for at least 2 years, during which symptoms do not remit for 2 months or longer
E
早泄
early ejaculation recurrent ejaculation within 1 minute of initiation of partnered sexual activity when not desired
未特定的进食障碍
eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS)
diagnosis for individuals who have some symptoms of anorexia or bulimia nervosa but do not meet the full criteria
言语模仿症
echolalia communication abnormality in which an individual simply repeats back what he or she hears rather than generating his or her own speech
有效性
effectiveness in therapy outcome research, how well a therapy works in real-world settings
效力
efficacy in therapy outcome research, how well a therapy works in highly controlled settings with a narrowly defined group of people
ego part of the psyche that channels libido to be acceptable to the superego and within the constraints of reality
利己型自杀
egoistic suicide suicide committed by people who feel alienated from others and who lack social support
自我心理学
ego psychology branch of psychodynamic theory emphasizing the importance of the individual’s ability to regulate defenses in ways that allow healthy functioning within the realities of society
电休克治疗（也译作电痉挛治疗、电抽搐治疗）
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) treatment for depression that involves the induction of a brain seizure by passing electrical current through the patient’s brain while he or she is anesthetized
脑电图
electroencephalogram (EEG) procedure in which multiple electrodes are placed on the scalp to detect low-voltage electrical current produced by the firing of specific neurons in the brain
排泄障碍
elimination disorders disorders in which a child shows frequent, uncontrolled urination or defecation far beyond the age at which children usually develop control over these functions
内分泌系统
endocrine system system of glands that produces many different hormones
流行病学
epidemiology study of the frequency and distribution of a disorder, or a group of disorders, in a population
表观遗传学
epigenetics study of how environmental conditions can change the expression of genes without changing the gene sequence
勃起障碍
erectile disorder in men, recurrent inability to attain or maintain an erection until the completion of sexual activity
寻求反复确认
excessive reassurance seeking constantly looking for assurances from others that one is accepted and loved
执行功能
executive functions functions of the brain that involve the ability to sustain concentration; use abstract reasoning and concept formation; anticipate, plan, and program; initiate purposeful behavior; self-monitor; and shift from maladaptive patterns of behavior to more adaptive ones
露阴障碍
exhibitionist disorder obtainment of sexual gratification by exposing one’s genitals to involuntary observers
实验组
experimental group in an experimental study, group of participants that receive the key manipulation
实验研究
experimental studies studies in which the independent variables are directly manipulated and the effects on the dependent variable are examined
暴露与反应阻止疗法
exposure and response prevention type of therapy in which individuals with anxiety symptoms are exposed repeatedly to the focus of their anxiety but prevented from avoiding it or engaging in compulsive responses to the anxiety
情绪表达
expressed emotion family interaction style in which families are over-involved with each other, are overprotective of the disturbed family member, voice self-sacrificing attitudes to the disturbed family member, and simultaneously are critical, hostile, and resentful of this member
外部效度
external validity extent to which a study’s results can be generalized to phenomena in real life
F
做作性障碍
factitious disorder disorder marked by deliberately faking physical or mental illness to gain medical attention
对他人的做作性障碍
factitious disorder imposed on another disorder in which the individual creates an illness in another individual in order to gain attention
家庭焦点疗法
family-focused therapy treatment for people with
bipolar disorder in which patients and their families are given education about bipolar disorder and
training in communication and problem-solving skills
家族史研究
family history study study of the heritability of a disorder involving identifying people with the disorder and people without the disorder and then determining the disorder’s frequency within each person’s family
家庭系统理论
family systems theories theories that see the family as a complex system that works to maintain the status quo
家庭系统治疗
family systems therapy psychotherapy that focuses on the family, rather than the individual, as the source of problems; family therapists challenge communication styles, disrupt pathological family dynamics, and challenge defensive conceptions in order to harmonize relationships among all members and within each member
女性性高潮障碍
female orgasmic disorder in women, recurrent delay in or absence of orgasm after having reached the excitement phase of the sexual response cycle (also called anorgasmia)
女性性兴趣/唤起障碍
female sexual interest/arousal disorder in women, recurrent inability to attain or maintain the swelling-lubrication response of sexual excitement
胎儿酒精综合征
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) syndrome that occurs when a mother abuses alcohol during pregnancy, causing the baby to have lowered IQ, increased risk for mental retardation, distractibility, and difficulties with learning from experience
恋物障碍
fetishistic disorder paraphilic disorder in which a person uses inanimate objects as the preferred or exclusive source of sexual arousal
战斗或逃跑反应
fight-or-flight response physiological changes in the human body that occur in response to a perceived threat, including the secretion of glucose, endorphins, and hormones as well as the elevation of heart rate, metabolism, blood pressure, breathing, and muscle tension
满灌
flooding behavioral technique in which a client is intensively exposed to a feared object until the anxiety diminishes (also called implosive therapy)
民间疾病
folk illnesses problems held by a particular culture to be caused by natural forces, supernatural forces, and strong emotions, etc.
思维形式障碍
formal thought disorder state of highly disorganized thinking (also known as loosening of associations)
自由联想
free association method of uncovering unconscious conflicts in which the client is taught to talk about whatever comes to mind, without censoring any thoughts
摩擦障碍
frotteuristic disorder disorder characterized by obtainment of sexual gratification by rubbing one’s genitals against or fondling the body parts of a nonconsenting person
G
赌博障碍
gambling disorder a disorder, similar to substance abuse, characterized by the inability to resist the impulse to gamble
性别烦躁
gender dysphoria condition in which a person believes that he or she was born with the wrong sex’s genitals and is fundamentally a person of the opposite sex
性别认同
gender identity one’s perception of oneself as male or female
可推广性（也译作普遍性）
generalizability extent to which the results of a study generalize to, or inform us about, people other than those who were studied
生殖器-盆腔痛/插入障碍
genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder marked difficulty having vaginal penetration; pain or tightening of pelvic floor muscles during penetration
广泛性焦虑障碍
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) anxiety disorder characterized by chronic anxiety in daily life
麻痹性痴呆
general paresis disease that leads to paralysis, insanity, and eventually death; discovery of this disease helped establish a connection between biological diseases and mental disorders
整体性假定
global assumptions fundamental beliefs that encompass all types of situations
夸大妄想
grandiose delusions false, persistent beliefs that one has superior talents and traits
严重失能
grave disability legal criterion for involuntary commitment that is met when a person is so incapacitated by a mental disorder that he or she cannot provide his or her own basic needs, such as food, clothing, or shelter, and his or her survival is threatened as a result
对照组研究
group comparison study study that compares two or more distinct groups on a variable of interest
指导掌握技术
guided mastery techniques interventions designed to increase health-promoting behaviors by providing explicit information about how to engage in these behaviors, as well as opportunities to engage in the behaviors in increasingly challenging situations
有罪但患有精神病
guilty but mentally ill (GBMI) verdict that requires a convicted criminal to serve the full sentence designated for his or her crime, with the expectation that he or she will also receive treatment for mental illness
H
拔毛障碍
hair-pulling disorder disorder characterized by recurrent pulling out of the hair resulting in noticeable hair loss; these individuals report tension immediately before or while attempting to resist the impulse, and pleasure or relief when they are pulling out their hair (also known as trichotillomania)
中途之家
halfway houses living facilities that offer people with long-term mental health problems the opportunity to live in a structured, supportive environment while they are trying to reestablish employment and ties to family and friends
幻觉
hallucinations perceptual experiences that are not real
致幻剂
hallucinogens substances, including LSD and MDMA (ecstasy), that produce perceptual illusions and distortions even in small doses
伤害减少模型
harm reduction model approach to treating substance use disorders that views alcohol use as normative behavior and focuses education on the immediate risks of the excessive use of alcohol (such as alcohol-related accidents) and on the payoffs of moderation (such as avoidance of hangovers)
海马
hippocampus structure of the brain involved in memory and in the stress response
囤积障碍
hoarding a compulsive disorder characterized by the inability to throw away unneeded possessions (such as trash)
无望感
hopelessness sense that the future is bleak and there is no way to make it more positive
激素
hormone chemical that carries messages throughout the body, potentially affecting a person’s mood, level of energy, and reaction to stress
人本主义理论
humanistic theories views that people strive to develop their innate potential for goodness and self-actualization; abnormality arises as a result of societal pressures to conform to unchosen dictates that clash with a person’s self-actualization needs and from an inability to satisfy more basic needs, such as hunger
人本主义治疗
humanistic therapy type of therapy in which the goal is to help the client discover his or her place in the world and to accomplish self-actualization through self-exploration; based on the assumption that the natural tendency for humans is toward growth (also called person-centered therapy)
人类实验室研究
human laboratory study experimental study involving human participants
嗜睡障碍
hypersomnolence disorders disorders characterized by excessive sleepiness, which can be expressed as either an excessive quantity of sleep (also referred to as hypersomnia) or a low quality of wakefulness
高血压
hypertension condition in which the blood supply through the blood vessels is excessive and can lead to deterioration of the cell tissue and hardening of the arterial walls
轻躁狂
hypomania state in which an individual shows mild symptoms of mania
下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴（HPA轴）
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) three key components of the neuroendocrine system that work together in a feedback system interconnected with the limbic system and the cerebral cortex
下丘脑
hypothalamus component of the brain that regulates eating, drinking, sex, and basic emotions; abnormal behaviors involving any of these activities may be the result of dysfunction in the hypothalamus
假设
hypothesis testable statement about two or more variables and the relationship between them
I
本我
id according to Freud, most primitive part of the unconscious; consists of drives and impulses seeking immediate gratification
疾病焦虑障碍
illness anxiety disorder a form of anxiety characterized by a preoccupation with fears of having a serious medical illness based on misinterpretations of bodily sensations (formerly called hypochondriasis)
免疫系统
immune system system that protects the body from disease-causing microorganisms and affects susceptibility to diseases
冲动性
impulsivity difficulty controlling behaviors; acting without thinking first
发病率
incidence number of new cases of a specific disorder that develop during a specific period of time
无受审能力
incompetent to stand trial legal status of an individual who lacks a rational understanding of the charges against him or her, an understanding of the proceedings of his or her trial, or the ability to participate in his or her defense
自变量
independent variable factor that is manipulated by an experimenter or used to predict the dependent variable
知情同意
informed consent procedure (often legally required prior to treatment administration) in which a patient receives a full and understandable explanation of the treatment being offered and makes a decision about whether to accept or refuse the treatment
吸入剂
inhalants solvents, such as gasoline, glue, or paint thinner, that one inhales to produce a high and that can cause permanent central nervous system damage as well as liver and kidney disease
精神病
insanity legal term denoting a state of mental incapacitation during the time a crime was committed
精神病辩护（也译作精神失常辩护）
insanity defense defense used by people accused of a crime in which they state that they cannot be held responsible for their illegal acts because they were mentally incapacitated at the time of the act
精神病辩护改革法案
Insanity Defense Reform Act 1984 law, affecting all federal courts and about half the state courts, that finds a person not guilty by reason of insanity if it is shown that, as a result of mental disease or mental retardation, the accused was unable to appreciate the wrongfulness of his or her conduct at the time of the offense
失眠障碍
insomnia disorder a disorder characterized by chronic difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep or by sleep that does not restore energy and alertness
智力发育障碍
intellectual development disorder a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired general intellectual functioning (formerly referred to as mental retardation)
智力测验
intelligence tests tests that assess a person’s intellectual strengths and weaknesses
间歇性暴怒障碍
intermittent explosive disorder disorder characterized by (a) several episodes of failure to resist aggressive impulses that result in serious assaultive acts or destruction of property, (b) a degree of aggressiveness grossly out of proportion to the situation, and (c) symptoms not better explained by another mental disorder (such as antisocial personality disorder), the effects of substances, or a medical condition (e.g., a head trauma)
内部效度
internal validity extent to which all factors that could extraneously affect a study’s results are controlled within a laboratory study
内感受知觉
interoceptive awareness sensitivity to stimuli arising from within the body, such as heart rate
内感受条件作用
interoceptive conditioning process by which symptoms of anxiety that have preceded panic attacks become the signals for new panic attacks
人际和社会节奏疗法
interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (ISRT) treatment for people with bipolar disorder that helps them manage their social relationships and daily rhythms to try to prevent relapse
抑郁的人际理论
interpersonal theories of depression theories that view the causes of depression as rooted in interpersonal relationships
人际治疗
interpersonal therapy (IPT) more structured, short-term version of psychodynamic therapies
不能控制规则
irresistible impulse rule legal principle stating that even a person who knowingly performs a wrongful act can be absolved of responsibility if he or she was driven by an irresistible impulse to perform the act or had a diminished capacity to resist performing the act
L
语言障碍
language disorder a communication disorder characterized by difficulties with spoken and written language and other language modalities (e.g., sign language)
习得性无助理论
learned helplessness theory view that exposure to uncontrollable negative events leads to a belief in one’s inability to control important outcomes and a subsequent loss of motivation, indecisiveness, and failure of action
力比多
libido according to Freud, psychical energy derived from physiological drives
终身持续性反社会行为
life-course-persistent antisocial behavior a form of conduct disorder involving aggression, destructiveness, deceitfulness, and rules violation that persists into adulthood
光疗法
light therapy treatment for seasonal affective disorder that involves exposure to bright lights during the winter months
边缘系统
limbic system part of the brain that relays information from the primitive brain stem about changes in bodily functions to the cortex, where the information is interpreted
连锁分析
linkage analysis genetic study that looks for associations between psychological disorders and physical disorders for which genetic causes are known
锂
lithium drug used to treat manic and depressive symptoms
蓝斑
locus ceruleus area of the brain stem that plays a part in the emergency response and may be involved in panic attacks
纵向
longitudinal type of research evaluating the same group(s) of people for an extended period of time
M
磁共振成像
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method of measuring both brain structure and brain function through the construction of a magnetic field that affects hydrogen atoms in the brain, emitting signals that a computer then records and uses to produce a three-dimensional image of the brain
抑郁症（重性抑郁障碍）
major depressive disorder disorder involving a sad mood or anhedonia plus four or more of the following symptoms: weight loss or a decrease in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or severe guilt, trouble concentrating, and suicidal ideation; these symptoms must be present for at least 2 weeks and must produce marked impairments in normal functioning
重度神经认知障碍
major neurocognitive disorder a brain disorder characterized by a deteriorating course of deficits in neurocognitive functioning (e.g., memory, attention) that interferes significantly with independent living
男性性欲低下障碍
male hypoactive sexual desire disorder condition in which a man’s desire for sex is diminished to the point that it causes him significant distress or interpersonal difficulties and is not due to transient life circumstances or another sexual dysfunction
诈病
malingering feigning of a symptom or a disorder for the purpose of avoiding an unwanted situation, such as military service
管理型医疗保健
managed care health care system in which all necessary services for an individual patient are supposed to be coordinated by a primary care provider; the goals are to coordinate services for an existing medical problem and to prevent future medical problems
躁狂
mania state of persistently elevated mood, feelings of grandiosity, overenthusiasm, racing thoughts, rapid speech, and impulsive actions
心理卫生运动
mental hygiene movement movement to treat mental patients more humanely and to view mental disorders as medical diseases
精神疾病
mental illness phrase used to refer to a physical illness that causes severe abnormal thoughts, behaviors, and feelings
基于心智化疗法
mentalization-based treatment a form of psychodynamic treatment for borderline personality disorder based on attachment
麦斯默术
mesmerism treatment for hysterical patients based on the idea that magnetic fluids in the patients’ bodies are affected by the magnetic forces of other people and objects; the patients’ magnetic forces are thought to be realigned by the practitioner through his or her own magnetic force
中脑边缘系统通路
mesolimbic pathway subcortical part of the brain involved in cognition and emotion
元分析
meta-analysis statistical technique for summarizing results across several studies
美沙酮
methadone opioid that is less potent and longer-lasting than heroin; taken by heroin users to decrease their cravings and help them cope with negative withdrawal symptoms
轻度神经认知障碍
minor neurocognitive disorder a brain disorder characterized by a deteriorating course of deficits in neurocognitive functioning (e.g., memory, attention) that is not so severe that it interferes significantly with independent living
麦纳顿规则
M’Naghten rule legal principle stating that, in order to claim a defense of insanity, accused persons must have been burdened by such a defect of reason, from disease of the mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act they were doing or, if they did know it, as not to know what they were doing was wrong
模仿
modeling process of learning behaviors by imitating others, especially authority figures or people like oneself
分子遗传学研究
molecular genetic studies studies of the structure and function of genes that help in understanding how genetic mutations can lead to disease
单胺氧化酶抑制剂
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) class of antidepressant drugs
单胺类
monoamines neurotransmitters, including catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine) and serotonin, that have been implicated in the mood disorders
同卵双生子
monozygotic (MZ) twins twins who share 100 percent of their genes because they developed from a single fertilized egg
人道治疗
moral treatment type of treatment delivered in mental hospitals in which patients were treated with respect and dignity and were encouraged to exercise self-control
动机性访谈
motivational interviewing intervention for sufferers of substance use disorders to elicit and solidify individuals’ motivation and commitment to changing their substance use; rather than confronting the user, the motivational interviewer adopts an empathic interaction style, drawing out the user’s own statements of desire, ability, reasons, need, and, ultimately, commitment to change
运动障碍
motor disorders a group of disorders characterized by motor symptoms such as tics, stereotypic movements, or dyscoordination
多轴系统
multiaxial system a system of diagnoses on three axes used by the DSM-5, with the first axis representing mental disorders, the second axis representing psychosocial and environmental problems, and the third axis representing global level of functioning
多基线设计
multiple baseline design type of study in which an intervention is given to the same individual but begun in different settings or is given to different individuals but at different points in time and in which the effects of the intervention are systematically observed
N
自恋型人格障碍
narcissistic personality disorder syndrome marked by grandiose thoughts and feelings of one’s own worth as well as an obliviousness to others’ needs and an exploitative, arrogant demeanor
发作性睡病
narcolepsy sleep disorder characterized by irresistible attacks of sleep plus (1) cataplexy or (2) recurrent intrusions of elements of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep into the transition between sleep and wakefulness
发作性睡病/下丘脑分泌素缺乏障碍
narcolepsy/hypocretin deficiency disorder recurrent attacks of an irrepressible need to sleep, lapses into sleep, or naps occurring within the same day accompanied by low levels of hypocretin and cataplexy or abnormally short onset of REM sleep
自然环境型恐怖症
natural environment type phobias extreme fears of events or situations in the natural environment that cause impairment in one’s ability to function normally
治疗需求
need for treatment legal criterion operationalized as a signed certificate by two physicians stating that a person requires treatment but will not agree to it voluntarily; formerly a sufficient cause to hospitalize the person involuntarily and force him or her to undergo treatment
负性情感
negative affectivity a dimension of personality characterized by negative mood states
消极认知三联征
negative cognitive triad perspective seen in depressed people in which they have negative views of themselves, of the world, and of the future
负强化
negative reinforcement process in which people avoid being exposed to feared objects and their avoidance is reinforced by the subsequent reduction of their anxiety
阴性症状
negative symptoms in schizophrenia, deficits in functioning that indicate the absence of a capacity present in people without schizophrenia, such as restricted affect
神经认知障碍
neurocognitive disorders behavioral disorders known or presumed to result from disruptions of brain structure and functioning
神经发育障碍
neurodevelopmental disorders behavioral disorders with onset during childhood known or presumed to result at least in part from disruption of brain development
神经元纤维缠结
neurofibrillary tangles twists or tangles of filaments within nerve cells, especially prominent in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, common in the brains of Alzheimer’s disease patients
神经阻滞剂
neuroleptics drugs used to treat psychotic symptoms
神经心理测验
neuropsychological tests tests of cognitive, sensory, and/or motor skills that attempt to differentiate people with deficits in these areas from normal subjects
神经递质
neurotransmitters biochemicals, released from a sending neuron, that transmit messages to a receiving neuron in the brain and nervous system
尼古丁
nicotine alkaloid found in tobacco; operates on both the central and peripheral nervous systems, resulting in the release of biochemicals, including dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and the endogenous opioids
夜间进食障碍
night eating disorder an eating disorder characterized by the regular intake of excessive amounts of food after dinner and into the night
梦魇障碍
nightmare disorder sleep disorder characterized by nightmares frequent enough to cause significant distress or impairment in functioning
非自杀性自我伤害
nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) act of deliberately cutting, burning, puncturing, or otherwise significantly injuring one’s skin with no intent to die
去甲肾上腺素
norepinephrine neurotransmitter that is involved in the regulation of mood
去甲肾上腺素-多巴胺再摄取抑制剂
norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors drugs used to treat depression; inhibit the reuptake of both norepinephrine and dopamine
虚无假设
null hypothesis alternative to a primary hypothesis, stating that there is no relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable
O
肥胖
obesity condition of being significantly overweight, defined by the Centers for Disease Control as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or over, where BMI is calculated as weight in pounds multiplied by 703, then divided by the square of height in inches
object relations view held by a group of modern psychodynamic theorists that one develops a self-concept and appraisals of others in a four-stage process during childhood and retains them throughout adulthood; psychopathology consists of an incomplete progression through these stages or an acquisition of poor self- and other concepts
观察学习
observational learning learning that occurs when a person observes the rewards and punishments of another’s behavior and then behaves in accordance with the same rewards and punishments
强迫观念
obsessions uncontrollable, persistent thoughts, images, ideas, or impulses that an individual feels intrude on his or her consciousness and that cause significant anxiety or distress
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) anxiety disorder characterized by obsessions (persistent thoughts) and compulsions (rituals)
强迫型人格障碍
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder pervasive rigidity in one’s activities and interpersonal relationships; includes qualities such as emotional constriction, extreme perfectionism, and anxiety resulting from even slight disruptions in one’s routine
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气
obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome sleep disorder characterized by repeated episodes of upper-airway obstruction during sleep
操作性条件作用
operant conditioning form of learning in which behaviors lead to consequences that either reinforce or punish the organism, leading to an increased or a decreased probability of a future response
操作化
operationalization specific manner in which variables in a study are measured or manipulated
阿片类物质
opioids substances, including morphine and heroin, that produce euphoria followed by a tranquil state; in severe intoxication, can lead to unconsciousness, coma, and seizures; can cause withdrawal symptoms of emotional distress, severe nausea, sweating, diarrhea, and fever
对立违抗障碍
oppositional defiant disorder syndrome of chronic misbehavior in childhood marked by belligerence, irritability, and defiance, although not to the extent found in a diagnosis of conduct disorder
器质性遗忘症
organic amnesia loss of memory caused by brain injury resulting from disease, drugs, accidents (blows to head), or surgery
性高潮
orgasm discharge of neuromuscular tension built up during sexual activity; in men, entails rhythmic contractions of the prostate, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and penis and seminal discharge; in women, entails contractions of the orgasmic platform and uterus
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